If you’re an international student in the United States on an F-1 visa, you’ve probably heard about Optional Practical Training (OPT). But what exactly is it? Let’s dive in and break it down, so you can make the most of this opportunity to gain valuable work experience in the U.S.

 

What is OPT?

 

Definition and Purpose of OPT

Optional Practical Training (OPT) is a program that allows international students with an F-1 visa to work in the United States for up to 12 months. The work must be directly related to your field of study, giving you a chance to apply what you’ve learned in a real-world setting. Essentially, OPT is designed to provide practical experience that complements your academic coursework.

 

Types of OPT

 

Pre-Completion OPT

Pre-Completion OPT allows students to work before they complete their degree. You can work part-time while school is in session or full-time during breaks. This option is ideal if you want to gain work experience while still attending classes.

 

Post-Completion OPT

Post-Completion OPT begins after you finish your degree. This allows you to work full-time in your field of study, giving you the chance to immerse yourself in your profession and build your resume.

 

Eligibility Criteria

 

F-1 Visa Status

To be eligible for OPT, you must be in valid F-1 visa status. This means you need to maintain your enrollment and follow the rules set by your school and the U.S. government.

 

Full-Time Student Requirements

You must have been enrolled as a full-time student for at least one academic year before you can apply for OPT. This ensures that you have a solid academic foundation before stepping into the professional world.

 

Employment Related to Field of Study

Your OPT job must be directly related to your major field of study. This requirement is crucial as the purpose of OPT is to provide practical experience in your area of academic expertise.

 

Application Process

Step-by-Step Guide to Applying

Applying for OPT involves several steps. First, request a recommendation from your Designated School Official (DSO). Next, file Form I-765, Application for Employment Authorization, with U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS). Include the necessary documents and pay the application fee.

 

Important Deadlines and Dates

You can apply for OPT up to 90 days before and up to 60 days after your program end date. Timing is crucial, so plan ahead to ensure your application is processed in time for your desired start date.

 

Required Documents

 

Your application must include several supporting documents:

 

●  Form I-765: Completed and signed.

●  Form I-20: With OPT recommendation.

●  Passport Photos: Two recent passport-style photos.

●  Fee Payment: A check or money order for the filing fee.

●  Copy of Passport: Including the visa page.

●  Previous EADs: Copies of any previously issued Employment Authorization Documents

(EAD), if applicable.

 

Form I-765

The primary document for your OPT application is Form I-765. This form is your application for employment authorization, and it’s essential to fill it out accurately.

 

Passport and Visa

Ensure that your passport and visa are valid throughout your OPT period. Expired documents can cause significant issues and may jeopardize your OPT status.

 

I-20 Form with OPT Recommendation

Your DSO will update your I-20 form with an OPT recommendation. This document must be included in your application packet.

 

OPT Start Date

 

Choosing the Right Start Date

Choosing your OPT start date is a critical decision. You can select a start date within 60 days of your program end date. Consider factors like job search timelines and personal plans to pick a date that works best for you.

 

Impact on Employment

 

Your start date will determine when you can begin working and how long you can stay on OPT. It’s important to align this date with your employment goals and any potential job offers.

 

Employment Rules

 

Types of Employment Allowed

During OPT, you can work for multiple employers, be self-employed, or work as an independent contractor. The key requirement is that all employment must be related to your field of study.

 

Unemployment Limits

You are allowed a total of 90 days of unemployment during your OPT period. It’s important to keep track of your employment status to avoid exceeding this limit, which could affect your visa status.

 

STEM OPT Extension

 

Eligibility for STEM OPT

If you have a degree in a STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering, Mathematics) field, you may be eligible for a 24-month extension of your OPT. This extension provides additional time to gain valuable work experience in high-demand fields.

 

Application Process for Extension

To apply for the STEM OPT extension, you’ll need a recommendation from your DSO and must submit Form I-765 to USCIS. Be sure to apply before your initial OPT period expires to maintain continuous work authorization.

 

OPT vs. CPT

 

Differences Between OPT and CPT

Curricular Practical Training (CPT) is another work authorization option for F-1 students, but it differs from OPT. CPT must be completed before graduation and is usually an integral part of your curriculum, such as an internship or practicum. OPT, on the other hand, is typically used after graduation and is not tied to specific coursework.

 

Maintaining Status

 

Reporting Requirements

While on OPT, you must report any changes in your employment status, address, or personal information to your DSO within 10 days. Keeping your SEVIS record updated is crucial to maintaining your F-1 status.

 

Travel Considerations

Traveling while on OPT can be complicated. Make sure you have all necessary documents, including your EAD card, a valid F-1 visa, your I-20 with an updated travel signature, and a letter from your employer. Be prepared for possible re-entry issues and plan accordingly.

 

OPT and H-1B Visa

 

Transitioning from OPT to H-1B

Many students use OPT as a stepping stone to an H-1B work visa. The H-1B allows you to stay in the U.S. for up to six years. It’s essential to apply for H-1B while on OPT to ensure a smooth transition.

 

Cap-Gap Extension

The Cap-Gap extension bridges the gap between the end of your OPT and the start of your H-1B status. If your H-1B petition is pending or approved before your OPT expires, you may be eligible for this extension.

 

Challenges and Solutions

 

While OPT offers significant advantages, there are also challenges and considerations to keep in mind:

 

Application Timing

Applying for OPT requires careful timing. It is crucial to apply early to avoid delays in authorization that could impact employment start dates.

 

Maintaining Status

Students must ensure they maintain their F-1 status and comply with all OPT reporting requirements to avoid any issues with their work authorization.

 

Job Market Competition

The job market can be competitive, and securing a position related to the field of study may take time. Students should be prepared to actively search for job opportunities and possibly consider internships or volunteer positions.

 

Tips for Overcoming Challenges

To overcome these challenges, start your job search early, stay organized with application deadlines, and utilize your school’s resources, such as career services and international student advisors. Networking and connecting with alumni can also be beneficial.

 

Benefits of OPT

 

The OPT program offers numerous benefits for international students:

 

Professional Experience

OPT provides invaluable professional experience, allowing students to apply their academic knowledge in a practical setting. This experience can enhance their resumes and improve their employment prospects.

 

Networking Opportunities

Working in the U.S. allows students to build professional networks, which can be beneficial for future career opportunities. These connections can provide mentorship, job leads, and references.

 

Pathway to H-1B Visa

OPT can serve as a stepping stone to securing an H-1B visa. Many employers are more willing to sponsor an H-1B visa for employees who have already demonstrated their skills and value through OPT.

 

Conclusion

 

Summary and Final Thoughts

 

Optional Practical Training is an excellent opportunity for international students to gain practical experience and enhance their employability in the U.S. By understanding the application process, maintaining your status, and making the most of your work experience, you can set yourself up for success in your career.

 

FAQs

 

What is the difference between OPT and CPT?

OPT is post-completion, while CPT is completed during your studies and is part of the curriculum. OPT allows for up to 12 months of work, while CPT can be part-time or full-time depending on your academic program.

 

Can I travel outside the U.S. during OPT?

Yes, but it can be risky. Make sure to have all necessary documents, including your EAD card, a valid F-1 visa, your I-20 with an updated travel signature, and a letter from your employer. Be prepared for potential re-entry issues.

 

How long does it take to get OPT approval?

The processing time can vary but generally takes 3-5 months. It’s important to apply as early as possible to ensure timely approval.

 

Can I work for multiple employers on OPT?

Yes, as long as each job is related to your field of study. You can work for multiple employers, be self-employed, or work as an independent contractor.

 

What happens if I exceed the 90 days of unemployment?

If you exceed the 90 days of unemployment, you may be out of status and must take action, such as leaving the U.S. or changing your visa status. It’s crucial to keep track of your employment and avoid exceeding this limit.